PMC

Functional and anatomical treatment response for naïve (black bars) and non-naïve eyes (white bars). Treatment response patterns for functional response (FR) were graded as follows: early and stable improvement (month 2: very good FR or good FR; month 4: ± 4 letters change from month 2), early and progressive improvement (month 2: very good or good FR, month 4: ≥ 5 letters improvement from month 2), pendular response (month 2: very good or good FR, month 4: ≥ 5 letters loss from month 2), delayed improvement (month 2: no FR or severe vision loss, month 4: very good or good FR), persistent non-response (month 2 and month 4: no FR or severe vision loss). Treatment response patterns for anatomical response (AR) were graded as follows: early and stable improvement (month 2: very good, good or limited AR; month 4: CST change ± 10% from month 2 and at least limited AR), early and progressive improvement (month 2: very good, good or limited AR, month 4: CST reduction > 10% from month 2), pendular response (month 2: very good, good or limited AR; month 4: CST increase > 10% from month 2), delayed improvement (month 2: poor or no AR, month 4: very good, good or limited AR) or persistent non-response (month 2 and month 4: poor or no AR, or limited AR at month 2 and poor or no AR at month 4 but CST increase < 10%).

Schematic description of the computational principle underlying speculative behavior. (A) TD-RL model. The diagram represents the process via which the relative value of the speculative good increases in the TD-RL model. Speculating in the TD-RL model compulsorily requires an initial exploration of the dominated option to accept the speculative good, the value of which is a priori less than the value of refusing such an exchange, based on the underlying storage costs []. Once the speculative good is acquired, its subsequent exchange for the consumption good allows the value of consumption to backpropagate to the initial decision to accept the speculative good through the value of accepting the consumption good in the depicted state . (B) OC-RL model. The diagram schematically represents the process via which the relative value of a speculative good increases through evaluation of the opportunity costs in the OC-RL model. Speculating in the OC-RL model does not require an initial exploration. The relative value of the speculative good can indeed increase even when the production good (i.e., the yellow good) is held. The inability to exchange the latter in the state will decrease its value by incurring an opportunity cost represented by . (C) How the relative value of the speculative good increases in both models. The diagram represents the learning-induced value change for the speculative good in both models. In the TD-RL model (Left), the speculative strategy is driven by an increase in the speculative good’s value. In the OC-RL model (Right), the speculative strategy is driven by the reduction in the production good’s value.

Contrast of radiographs before and after distraction: administration anteroposterior and lateral X-rays showing a displaced OTA 42C fractures (A, B); intraoperative anteroposterior fluoroscopy showing part reduction of the proximal and middle fractures compared to the administration X-rays when the affected extremity was fixed on the distraction support with the self-stick ankle strap (C, D); intraoperative anteroposterior fluoroscopy revealing a good reduction of the proximal and middle fractures by turning the anterior nut on each side of the tibial tray (E, F); lateral fluoroscopy showing a good reduction of the proximal and middle fractures after distraction (G, H). Intraoperative fluoroscopy showing an accurate plate position and internal fixation: a good position of the plate in lateral view (I); a good position of the internal fixation and reduction of the proximal and middle fractures in coronal planes (J, K).

Closed reduction procedure in “hyperextended” supine position with manipulation. (a) A hand-made reduction pillow is shown. (b) The intraoperative position and “hyperextended” supine position is shown. (c) The manipulation maneuver is shown. (d) Intraoperative images are shown. The left image was taken before reduction maneuver and the right image was taken after the maneuvers. If good reduction was obtained, screw insertion was done in the same position. (e) Intraoperative fluoroscopic images pre- and postreduction maneuver. In this case, good reduction was obtained.